Pubdate: Mon, 17 Apr 2006
Source: San Francisco Chronicle (CA)
2006/04/17/MNGHAIA5B31.DTL
Copyright: 2006 Hearst Communications Inc.
Contact:  http://www.sfgate.com/chronicle/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/388
Author: Declan Walsh, Houston Chronicle Foreign Service
Bookmark: http://www.mapinc.org/heroin.htm (Heroin)

AFGHANISTAN'S DRUG KINGPINS ABOVE THE LAW

GARMSER, Afghanistan -- The smugglers' trail jolts toward the  
southern border, crossing salt-encrusted plains, scrabbly farmland  
and hundreds of blossoming poppy fields. Suddenly, a fortress-like  
compound looms.

Locals say the imposing, high-walled mansion near Garmser belongs to  
Haji Adam, a well-known drug smuggler. Tales of his wealth are  
legion. "When he became sick, he was flown directly to Germany," said  
a man in the village of Garmser, who asked not to be named. "Even  
helicopters have landed at his house," said another.

Like nearly every other major drug figure in the region, Adam appears  
to worry little about the law. "Many smugglers don't even bother  
hiding their wealth," said a British diplomat in Kabul, who spoke on  
condition of anonymity. "It's their way of saying 'screw you' to  
authority."

Another bumper drug harvest is expected in Afghanistan, and kingpins  
who control the $2.7 billion trade appear as untouchable as ever.  
Afghan poppy-eradication workers for DynCorp International, a Texas  
company that got a $174 million-a-year contract from the U.S. State  
Department's Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement  
Affairs, are chopping down poppy crops. But targeting unarmed and  
penniless poppy farmers is easy; rounding up those at the pinnacle of  
the drug trade business is much harder.

Afghanistan's top drug smugglers have been spectacularly successful  
at evading Western and Afghan law enforcement. Although Western drugs  
experts estimate there are several dozen major traffickers, just two  
have been arrested since the Western-funded war on drugs started four  
years ago -- Haji Baz Muhammad, who was extradited to the United  
States in October, and Bashir Noorzai, arrested on arrival in New  
York last April.

Several anti-drug experts working with Western embassies in Kabul,  
who spoke on condition of anonymity, gave The Chronicle a profile of  
the typical drug lord. Many live in fortified mansions, some defended  
with anti-aircraft guns. Loyal tribesmen and heavily armed private  
militias provide protection. And they reportedly enjoy political  
support at the highest levels of government.

Persistent allegations of drug links have dogged some of  
Afghanistan's most powerful figures, including several provincial  
governors, Cabinet ministers and the president's own brother, Walid  
Karzai. At least 17 members of the newly elected parliament have  
active links to the trade, according to a study by analyst Andrew  
Wilder of the Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit, a Kabul think tank.

But the most serious charges hover over Gen. Muhammad Daud, the  
deputy interior minister for counternarcotics. One senior drug  
official said his office was 99 percent sure that Daud was a player  
in the trade he is supposed to be destroying. The official spoke on  
condition that neither he nor his nationality be identified due to  
the extreme sensitivity of the subject. "He frustrates  
counternarcotics law enforcement when it suits him," the official  
said. "He moves competent officials from their jobs, locks cases up  
and generally ensures that nobody he is associated with will get  
arrested for drug crimes."

Daud denies the allegations. "These rumors are the work of my  
enemies," he said last year. At a news conference in February, he  
said his forces had confiscated more than 100 tons of drugs in 2005.

Afghan undercover drug teams have had limited success in penetrating  
the upper echelons of the drug networks. "Like most criminal  
masterminds, they don't get their hands dirty with actual gear. You  
try to get to their lieutenants, use intelligence to see what they're  
up to and find where the money goes," said the official.

Typically, he said, drug kingpins have established power bases from  
their days as mujahedeen commanders or tribal elders. They slip  
easily in and out of Afghanistan using false passports or, less  
often, small aircraft that can evade U.S. air traffic controllers  
based in Qatar.

Many strike deals during the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Saudi  
Arabia. "The hajj is a good place to do business, we believe," the  
official said.

Western drug experts say part of the illicit profits are invested in  
Kabul, where new glass-fronted commercial buildings and gaudy  
mansions are springing up. Much of the rest may end up in Dubai,  
where Western intelligence agents are working with officials of  
United Arab Emirates to stanch the flow of drug money, the experts said.

Fears that Afghanistan is becoming a full-fledged "narco-state" are  
swelling fast. Poppy cultivation dipped by 21 percent in 2005, after  
President Hamid Karzai declared a jihad -- a government-sanctioned  
holy war on drugs -- but is expected to rise sharply this year,  
according to the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime. The greatest spike,  
as much as 100 percent, is expected in Helmand province, where Adam,  
the well-known smuggler, lives.

The desolate, sun-baked plains of southern Helmand are one of the  
world's busiest heroin smuggling hubs. At night, high-speed convoys  
race across the hard-packed desert toward Pakistan. The border, which  
is controlled by Baluch tribesmen, has little relevance. "It's  
basically Baluchistan, with a line running through it that happens to  
have been drawn by some white guys," said the senior drug official.

The main smuggling hub is Baramcha, a notoriously lawless village on  
the plains. It is entirely unpatrolled -- the last border police fled  
for their lives five months ago, said Allahuddin, the district  
intelligence chief, who goes by one name. "They attacked the customs  
post, killed our soldiers and cut off their heads," he said.

 From Baramcha, bricks of opium derived from the poppy sap are  
spirited away by jeep, camel or bus, either south toward Pakistan's  
Makran Coast or west into Iran. After it is purified into heroin,  
most ends up on the streets of Europe.

Instability in the border area is fueled by a recent pact between  
Taliban fighters and drug smugglers, apparently rooted in their  
shared interest in excluding Karzai's pro-U.S. government from the  
area. Last December, the Taliban attacked Garmser police  
headquarters, killing nine officers. Smugglers provided the vehicles,  
said district Gov. Haji Abdullah Jan. "Now they are working  
together," he said.

British forces arriving in Helmand as part of a NATO mission will  
soon mount patrols along the porous border, said Lt. Col. Henry  
Worsley, a British commander in the provincial capital, Laskhar Gah.

In Kabul, the dilapidated justice system is being overhauled to help  
prosecute drug lords. A new counternarcotics law was recently  
approved, and a special drug court has been set up in Kabul. So far,  
14 judges, 36 investigators and 32 prosecutors have received  
training. The court already has heard several hundred cases, mostly  
involving low-level couriers and laboratory operators.

But even when drug criminals are prosecuted, they frequently bribe  
their way to freedom, Western officials say. As a result, the United  
States is now helping finance construction of a new drug lock-up with  
a capacity for 50 prisoners at Policharki prison outside Kabul, due  
to open later this year. Government officials and Western diplomats  
say they hope to arrest the first major smuggler soon.

"I think if we get our act together, it's not unrealistic," said the  
British diplomat. "But around here nothing is for sure."
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