Pubdate: Sun, 03 Jan 2016 Source: Age, The (Australia) Copyright: 2016 The Age Company Ltd Contact: http://www.theage.com.au/ Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/5 Author: Danielle Allen Note: Danielle Allen is a political theorist at Harvard University and a contributing columnist for The Washington Post. REVISING THE WAR ON DRUGS As the Status of Drug Use in Victoria Is Debated, Lessons Can Be Learnt From the US. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. In January 1964, the Beatles first broke onto the US Billboard chart. In January, the US surgeon general announced that scientists had found conclusive evidence linking smoking to cancer and thus launched a highly successful 50-year public-health fight against tobacco. In August, the North Vietnamese fired on a US naval ship in the Gulf of Tonkin, which led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the public phase of the Vietnam War. Alongside an accelerating deployment of conventional troops would come their widespread use of marijuana and heroin. By 1971, cigarette ads had been banned from radio and television, the surgeon-general had called for regulation of tobacco, and cigarette smoking had begun its long decline. The impact of drug use among troops and returning veterans provoked president Richard Nixon to declare a war on drugs. This was followed by the 1973 passage of the Rockefeller Drug Laws in New York. These set the model for criminalisation and increasing penalties for the country as a whole, especially regarding drugs. In the contrast between what has happened since 1964 with tobacco, on the one hand, and marijuana, cocaine, heroin and other banned substances, on the other, we have an instructive lesson in the comparative effects of choosing a public-health or a criminalisation paradigm for dealing with addictive substances. The approach to tobacco has worked. Between 1964 and 2014 in the US, smoking rates declined by half. The progress against smoking has been steady and impressive. It's an altogether different tale with banned substances. While levels of illegal drug use have risen and fallen since 1971, current levels are equivalent to those we had in the mid-1970s. According to the Monitoring the Future report, daily use of marijuana by 12th graders (the equivalent of year 12 students in Australia) was at 6 per cent in 1975; in 2014, it was 5.8 per cent. The picture with heroin has shown similar stability. In 1975, 1 per cent of 12th graders had used heroin within the year. In 2000 that figure was 1.5 per cent. In 2014 it was down to 0.6 per cent, but it may be climbing again. And for every year of the past decade, Americans have spent $US100 billion to buy banned substances. There is an even starker contrast in how perceptions of the risks of smoking and of illegal drugs have changed. In 1975, 51.3 per cent of 12th graders thought that smoking one or more packs of cigarettes a day posed great risk; by 1991 that number was 69.4 per cent, by 2014 it was 78 per cent. With illegal drugs, arrows move the opposite direction or stay essentially flat. In other words, for all the money spent and lives ruined through violence and criminalisation, we have made zero headway against illegal drugs. So what was done about smoking? Tobacco control has focused on prevention and cessation. From 1964, public-health campaigns worked toward the "denormalisation" of smoking, in the words of the 2014 report of the Surgeon General, The Health Consequences of Smoking 50 Years of Progress. Although 800 private lawsuits were brought against tobacco companies without success between 1950 and 1984, in 1977 Berkeley, California, banned smoking in public places, and by the end of 1985, 89 cities and counties had followed suit. In 1986, Congress doubled the excise tax on cigarettes, and by 1988, about 400 municipalities had passed ordinances restricting public smoking. The tobacco industry began to lose lawsuits in 1995, and in 1998, 46 states entered into the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement with the largest tobacco companies in America. By 2014, states had received $US99.5 billion in payments from those companies, and some of these resources had funded the highly effective American Legacy Foundation, now known as the Truth Initiative, which maintains anti-smoking campaigns directed to youth and young adults. What the US has done with marijuana and the other illegal drugs is, of course, invest heavily in criminal justice. According to a 2011 Justice Department report, addressing illegal drugs cost the nation $US193 billion in 2007. The crime-related portion was $US113 billion. This criminalisation means a massive overload on the judicial system. According to federal statistics, 32 per cent of all defendant filings in US district courts in 2013 were for drug-related cases, making it the biggest category of filings. America ought to admit that it got tobacco right but drugs wrong. As with tobacco, there are real public health risks associated with drugs, not only heroin and opiates but even marijuana. There is a lack of good research on the long-term effects of marijuana use, but some are clear. According to the Monitoring the Future report, "Frequent marijuana use predicts a lower likelihood of post-secondary educational attainment." Early marijuana use seems to increase the risk of schizophrenia for those who are at risk for that disease for genetic reasons, and experts estimate that about 9 per cent of marijuana users are likely to become addicted to it. The US should legalise marijuana and decriminalise other drugs, and then tax and sue drug producers to generate revenue to support public health campaigns against their products, agencies to regulate them and treatment for those who suffer from addiction. Legalising and decriminalising drugs doesn't mean giving up on the fight against them, and the lesson about what works is right in front of our eyes. - --- MAP posted-by: Jay Bergstrom