Pubdate: Mon, 24 Oct 2016
Source: Globe and Mail (Canada)
Copyright: 2016 The Globe and Mail Company
Contact:  http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/168
Author: Peter McKnight (Adjunct professor in the School of Criminology, 
Simon Fraser University)
Page: A11

DRUGGED DRIVING: SHAKY SCIENCE AND UNCERTAIN LAWS

If news headlines are to be believed, no one in Canada has ever driven
a car after smoking marijuana:

"Legalized marijuana has provinces worried about drug-impaired driving"

"The new impaired driving: legal marijuana"

"If Canada legalizes marijuana, how will cops combat high drivers?"

Such headlines suggest that drugged driving will become an issue only
if the federal government makes good on its promise to legalize
marijuana next year.

The Criminal Code sees it rather differently, as it has prohibited
driving under the influence of drugs since 1925.

Canadians, too, see it differently: According to the Canadian Alcohol
and Drug Use Monitoring Survey, conducted annually between 2008 and
2012, about 2.5 per cent of Canadians consistently admitted to driving
within two hours of using cannabis. Youth between 15 and 24 were twice
as likely to cop to drugged driving, with 5 per cent having driven
while high.

Sensationalist headlines notwithstanding, it's not clear whether
legalization will lead to an increase in those numbers. But one thing
is certain: Drug-impaired driving is already a problem - and worse,
it's a problem few governments have seen fit to address. Perhaps
motivated by opposition to their legalization plans, the federal
Liberals have promised to tackle the issue, saying they will "create
new, stronger laws to punish more severely … those who operate a motor
vehicle under [marijuana's] influence."

Promises are easier to make than to fulfill, especially when it comes
to prosecuting drugged drivers. To make prosecution easier, the
federal government introduced two measures in 2008: Drivers suspected
of drug use can be ordered to participate in a Standardized Field
Sobriety Test (SFST) and, depending on the results of that test, can
be subject to a further, extensive Drug Recognition Evaluation (DRE)
at a police station.

These measures have been less than successful. According to a report
from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the DRE is highly accurate in
assessing the drugs in a driver's system, but "research is lacking in
terms of whether it correlates well with impairment of driving
skills." Given that DREs are also cumbersome and costly, and were
recently the subject of an appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada,
their future remains in doubt.

As an alternative, Canada could follow the lead of Australia and many
European countries and introduce roadside saliva testing, a measure
similar to breath testing for suspected drunk drivers. If any
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is present in the saliva, the driver could
be subject to an administrative licence suspension or charged with a
criminal offence.

That approach is not likely to pass constitutional muster, however,
since small amounts of THC can exist in a person's saliva long after
consumption. Consequently, many jurisdictions criminalize driving only
if the driver's THC is above a certain level known as a "per se limit"
- - the level beyond which the average person's driving ability would be
impaired.

Canadian law already makes use of per se limits; the Criminal Code
prohibits driving with a blood alcohol concentration greater than 80
milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood. Although the
appropriate limit for marijuana isn't as clear, researchers suggest
that a THC concentration of seven to 10 nanograms per millilitre is
sufficient to impair the typical person's driving ability.

Given the uncertain science, any per se limit will undoubtedly be
challenged in court. And a law authorizing police to demand a roadside
saliva sample will be subject to a number of Charter challenges,
including challenges concerning the rights to be free from arbitrary
detention and unreasonable search and seizure.

But if Canada's experience with drunk driving is any guide, courts
might well conclude that any infringements of such rights are
justified, given the scourge of impaired driving.

Or they might not. The law is even less certain than the science,
because so little has been done in the near century since drugged
driving was criminalized - because the problem, in the minds of many,
didn't exist. If legalizing marijuana helps us to see the problem,
then that alone will make the new legislation worthwhile.
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MAP posted-by: Matt