Pubdate: Sun, 04 Jun 2017
Source: New York Times (NY)
Copyright: 2017 The New York Times Company
Website: http://www.nytimes.com/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/298
Author: Thomas Fuller

HILLS LIKE HOME IN LAOS. AND NOW A CROP, TOO.

HAYFORK, Calif. - The red and purple opium poppies that his family
grew on a mountainside half a world away were filled with an
intoxicating, sticky sap that his mother traded for silver coins to
feed her children and pay for their escape.

Adam Lee smiles at the memory of a childhood in war-torn Laos and
voyage to America, where he spent decades adapting to life in big cities.

Now 47 years old, Mr. Lee has returned to the mountains - the Trinity
Alps of Northern California - and to a career farming a different
mind-altering crop for his livelihood: marijuana.

"We've got big dreams," Mr. Lee said from a hilltop overlooking his
marijuana farm.

Mr. Lee is part of a diaspora of about 1,000 ethnic Hmong families who
have come to this remote and relatively poor corner of California to
grow marijuana.

California is home to the largest population of Hmong in the United
States, with nearly 100,000, and most initially settled in the Central
Valley. Over the last decade, many have moved north, and others from
around the country are migrating to this part of California to take
advantage of the growing marijuana trade.

They are a small slice of what has become a huge industry across the
state. In Trinity County, they are reinvigorating a struggling, rural
area that was losing population.

The legalization of recreational marijuana in November set off a
so-called green rush in California, which has been a center for
cannabis-growing for decades. Like the gold miners who scoured the
same Northern California hills 150 years ago, marijuana entrepreneurs
have come hoping to gain great fortunes.

The Hmong, a hill tribe that fought alongside the Central Intelligence
Agency in a covert war against Communist forces in Laos in the 1960s
and 1970s, were known for their skills as opium farmers. The trade
continues to help finance insurgencies in a part of Southeast Asia
known as the Golden Triangle. It is not lost on some Hmong here that
they now live in a part of California called the Emerald Triangle,
named for the thriving trade in marijuana.

Many in the state see marijuana farming as a commercial opportunity,
but for the Hmong, many of whom struggled to assimilate in California
in the early years, it is also a chance to return to their farming
roots and rural lifestyle.

For some of the older Hmong, who worked as janitors and factory
workers when they arrived in America, the bucolic surroundings help
soothe the lingering trauma of war and allow them to be among kin and
long-lost friends.

"It's the independence of living free - you can live off the land,"
said You Ping Vang, an ethnic Hmong who was born in the United States
and is the founder of Lonestar Trade, a company that sells the
marijuana grown here. "This is the life that they left. They love it."

In a county that is more than 85 percent white, the Hmong are
conspicuous. Their assimilation is still a work in progress, residents
say.

"We've scrambled to figure out how we can incorporate their
traditions," said Debbie Miller, the superintendent of the Mountain
Valley Unified School District, where 30 of the 280 students are Hmong.

"We've had declining enrollment for a while, and they've brought
children to us," Ms. Miller said. "I hope more of them come."

Mai Vue, the founder of Conscious Cannabis Resources, a nonprofit
organization that helps Hmong farmers navigate the growing thicket of
regulations applied to marijuana growing, estimates that more than
1,500 Hmong live in Trinity County, which has a population of about
13,000.

"When they first came here eight years ago, they were scared to even
go to the grocery store," Ms. Vue said. "I would go, because my
husband was white. It was just fear, I think, on both sides. It was:
'This is a small town. Maybe they don't accept us.'"

n neighboring Siskiyou County, Hmong who are cultivating marijuana
sued the sheriff and other officials last year for what they said was
voter intimidation.

But in Trinity, Hmong are gaining acceptance. Last year, a Hmong team
won a prize in a prestigious local barbecue competition. At the school
holiday pageant, the students put on a Hmong fashion show.

In November, Bobbi Chadwick, a farmer, was elected to a seat on the
Board of Supervisors under the slogan Unite Trinity, which was
understood as a sign of uniting the Hmong and the white population.
Ms. Chadwick has befriended her Hmong neighbors, organized a banquet
and compared slaughtering techniques.

"Six men came to the ranch, and we harvested two hogs and a goat," Ms.
Chadwick said.

>From the jungles and refugee camps of Southeast Asia, the Hmong came
to America starting in 1975, during the Communist takeover of Laos and
the fall of Saigon. They arrived impoverished, disoriented by the
industrialized society they met and, for the most part, undereducated.
They scattered around the country in climates that were foreign to
tropical hill dwellers, enduring subzero winters in Minnesota and
Wisconsin and the baking heat of California's Central Valley summers.

Mark E. Pfeifer, a scholar of Southeast Asia and the editor of the
Hmong Studies Journal, describes the Hmong as a late-blooming
immigrant success story, shedding reliance on government assistance
and finding niches in the American economy, like Asian restaurants in
Michigan and the flower business in Washington State.

In 2015, the Census Bureau estimated that 285,000 Hmong were in the
United States.

In an area here called the Trinity Pines, three mountains connected by
a network of uneven dirt roads, the older Hmong have regained a
lifestyle familiar to them, farming small plots on steep hillsides.

Driving his pickup truck through the Pines, Mr. Vang called out the
states where his Hmong neighbors migrated from.

"These guys are from Alaska, and they're from Arkansas," Mr. Vang
said. "Texas. … Minnesota. … He's from Wisconsin."

Mr. Vang's father, Neng Vang, worked for the C.I.A. as a radio
operator in Laos during what is known as the Secret War. He was a
lieutenant in the army of Vang Pao, the leader of the Hmong
anti-Communist army that worked alongside American military advisers.

"We were scattered around the United States, north, south, east,
west," the elder Mr. Vang said.

Now, at age 61, he is jarred and delighted by random, tearful
reunions. He meets old army buddies, childhood friends and long-lost
cousins, all of whom have come to Hayfork to grow marijuana.

At a gas station in town, he ran into a junior officer, his former
subordinate in Laos.

At a local garden supply store, an old classmate stopped
him.

"He told me: 'I thought you were still in Laos. I thought you were
dead,'" Mr. Vang said. "We had not seen each other since we came to
this country."

A visitor to the Vangs' farm is greeted by reminders of the homeland.
In the kitchen is a cleaver next to a thick cross section of a pine
tree used as a chopping block. On the gas burner is an
hourglass-shaped pot for cooking sticky rice. A mortar and pestle
serve to crush spices.

The elder Mr. Vang said that while the Hmong felt at home in Trinity
County, he was not sure how long they would stay. The regulations that
county and state officials are imposing on marijuana growers - every
growing plot must have a house to certain specifications - are driving
many Hmong to question the future profitability of the business.
Small-scale growers across the state are increasingly up against much
larger industrial farms.

The Hmong are not the first East Asians to flock to Trinity County
during a boom period. In Weaverville, a 45-minute drive from Hayfork,
all that is left of the Chinese community that came for the 19th
century gold rush is a Taoist temple that has been turned into a museum.

Mr. Vang said he hoped the Hmong would get permits and make Trinity
County a more permanent home.

"If they allow us to grow, the Hmong will stay," he said.
- ---
MAP posted-by: Matt