Pubdate: Mon, 25 Sep 2017
Source: Baltimore Sun (MD)
Copyright: 2017 The Baltimore Sun Company
Contact:  http://www.baltimoresun.com/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/37
Authors: Catarina Saraiva, Patricia Laya and Jeanna Smialek

THE OPIOID CRISIS SPILLS INTO THE WORKPLACE

At Philip Tulkoff's food-processing plant in Baltimore, machines grind
tough horseradish roots into puree. "If you put your arm in the wrong
place," the owner says, "and you're not paying attention, it's going
to pull you in." It's not a good place to be intoxicated.

Drug abuse in the workforce is a growing challenge for American
business. While economists have paid more attention to the opioid
epidemic's role in keeping people out of work, about two-thirds of
those who report misusing pain-relievers are on the payroll. In the
factory or office, such employees can be a drag on productivity, one
of the U.S. economy's sore spots. In the worst case, they can endanger
themselves and their colleagues.

That's why Tulkoff practices zero-tolerance. One randomly chosen
employee gets tested every month, "and we're gonna move it to two."
The costs mount up: He has to hire a third-party company to select the
worker, and pay the clinic to conduct tests. Money is wasted training
workers who subsequently drop out when they fail the screening.

Then there are the added care costs. Castlight Health, a benefits
platform, estimates that opioid abusers cost employers nearly twice as
much in health-care expenses as their clean co-workers -- an extra
$8,600 a year.

It's no wonder that not every boss is as rigorous as Tulkoff. "I know
people who've said, 'I can't do it, I would lose too many people'," he
says.

At the moment, 57 percent of employers say they perform drug tests,
according to the National Safety Council. Out of those, more than 40
percent don't screen for synthetic opioids like oxycodone -- among the
most widely abused narcotics, and one of the substances that new
federal rules are targeting.

Starting next month, many federal government employees who take drug
tests will have to submit to a more extensive screening -- one
response to a spiraling crisis. Opioids killed about 33,000 Americans
in 2015, more than any other year on record. Private companies aren't
obliged to follow Washington's lead, but in such areas they often do.

Factories, with their heavy machinery, are where drug-abusing workers
can do the most immediate harm to themselves and their colleagues.
Even there, employers are tempted to look the other way, according to
Mike Galiazzo, president of the Regional Manufacturing Institute of
Maryland.

"I have heard manufacturers over the years say, 'We wish we didn't
have to test for drugs,' because they lose money when they can't fill
those positions,'' he said.

Hiring is becoming tougher in any case. While the economy has steadily
added jobs since the financial crisis ended, the available pool of
workers hasn't expanded to match. The share of working-age Americans
in the labor market is stuck at about 63 percent, down more than four
percentage points since 2000 -- the same period in which the opioid
epidemic took off. There's an "extreme shortage of skilled workers,''
Galiazzo says.

Drugs are probably at least partly to blame for that, too. There's a
growing consensus among economists that opioid abuse has contributed
to the shrinking workforce. Fed chair Janet Yellen has flagged the
issue. Princeton's Alan Krueger estimates that drugs may account for
one-fifth of the drop among men.

For businesses, the labor squeeze plus the opioid crisis are making it
especially hard to expand quickly when they get new orders, says Drew
Greenblatt, owner and president of Marlin Steel Wire Products in
Baltimore, which makes industrial-strength metal baskets used in
factories. "We just nailed a huge job and we need to hire three
people,'' he said. "We're banging our heads against the wall.''

And there's no guarantee that new hires will stick around. Drug
problems are accelerating the turnover among staff.

"In the last three weeks, we've had six people come, get trained, and
then are no-call, no-shows,'' Greenblatt said. He said the biggest
loss comes from taking high-performing employees out of the production
process so they can train new hires. "That person is diverted into the
completely unproductive task of teaching someone who's going to leave
in a day or two.''

Productivity growth in the U.S. economy has been slowing for decades.
There's little consensus about the causes. But there are signs that
the spread of drug-abuse could be contributing to the problem.

The National Safety Council survey found that 29 percent of employers
reported impaired job performance due to prescription-painkiller use,
while 15 percent cited an injury or near miss that they attributed to
the drugs. As many as 70 percent said their workforce had been
affected in some way.

In some cases, the growing drug problem puts employers in the position
of having to fire employees who'd been doing their jobs perfectly well.

"We caught someone recently, saw him injecting,'' said Jay Steinmetz,
chief executive of Barcoding Inc. The Baltimore company creates
software, and provides equipment, that helps businesses manage their
inventory. It's a desk environment, with none of the grinding
machinery that poses risks for Tulkoff's staff.

Still, "once we witnessed this we were forced to take action,'' or
break the law, Steinmetz said. "Could he have worked with opioids in
his body? Absolutely.''

He concludes that the problem for employers isn't just the opioid
epidemic, but the legal regime that's emerging to combat it: "A huge
interruption of business.'' Steinmetz is well aware of the human costs
too: One of his smartest technicians, "a savant genius kid,'' died
almost a decade ago from recreational Oxycontin.

As awareness grows, prescription of such painkillers has been leveling
off, and deaths from prescription drugs have stabilized.

But in some cases, users are switching to heroin or illegal synthetics
like fentanyl. Not only are those drugs more dangerous, they can also
be difficult to catch. Heroin metabolizes very quickly. Fentanyl isn't
usually one of the substances screened for.

"The detection window in a urine drug test is relatively short,'' said
Barry Sample, the director of science and technology at Quest
Diagnostics, a health-care and drug-testing company. If an addict can
substitute something else for heroin or gets temporarily clean,
"you're probably not going to find anything a week later.''

Tulkoff describes what happened the last time one of his workers was
subjected to random tests, which have led to the firing of four
employees in the past five years, out of a staff of about 80 at the
Baltimore plant.

The employee went to the clinic and provided a sample that wasn't at
the right temperature, an indication that it was probably someone
else's urine. He then sat at the clinic until it closed, without
giving another one.

When he returned after the weekend for a second test, "that one came
back clean,'' Tulkoff said. "It's very suspicious. But unfortunately
we don't have any hard evidence.'' That happened a couple of weeks
ago; since then, he's decided to double the rate of testing.
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MAP posted-by: Matt