Pubdate: Sat, 14 Nov 1998
Source: Lancet, The (UK)
Volume: 352, Number 9140
Contact:  http://www.thelancet.com/
Copyright: Lancet, The (UK)
Author: Wayne Hall, Nadia Solowij

SEMINAR:

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS

(part 1)
Cannabis The Drug
Patterns Of Cannabis Use
Acute Effects Of Cannabis
Effects Of Chronic Cannabis Use

(Part 2)
References
Further Reading

REFERENCES

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8 Smiley A. Marijuana: on road and driving simulator studies. In: Kalant H,
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Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

9 Chesher G. Cannabis and road safety: an outline of research studies to
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12 Hollister LE. Marijuana and immunity. J Psychoactive Drugs 1992; 24: 159-64.

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17 Fligiel SEG, Roth MD, Kleerup EC, et al. Tracheobronchial histopathology
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18 Tashkin DP, Simmons MS, Sherrill DL, Coulson AH. Heavy habitual
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22 Sridar KS, Raub WA, Weatherby NL, et al. Possible role of marijuana
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27 Zuckerman B, Frank D, Hingson R, et al. Effects of maternal marijuana
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28 Shiono PH, Klebanoff MA, Nugent RP, et al. The impact of cocaine and
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29 Fried PA. Behavioural outcomes in preschool-aged children exposed
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31 Grufferman S, Schwartz AG, Ruymann FB, Mauer HM. Parent's use of cocaine
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32 Kuitjen RR, Bunin GR, Nass CC, Meadows AT. Parental occupation and
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33 Newcombe T, Bentler P. Consequences of adolescent drug use: impact on
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34 Fergusson D, Horwood J. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial
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35 Yamaguchi K, Kandel DB. Patterns of drug use from adolescence to
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36 Compton DR, Dewey WL, Martin BR. Cannabis dependence and tolerance
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37 Wickelgren I. Marijuana: harder than thought? Science 1997; 276:
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39 Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Simpson EE. Adult marijuana users seeking
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41 Solowij N. Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge: Cambridge
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42 Fletcher JM, Page JB, Francis DJ, et al. Cognitive correlates of
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43 Pope HG, Yurgelun-Todd D. The residual congitive effects of heavy
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49 Andreasson S, Allebeck P. Cannabis and mortality among young men: a
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FURTHER READING

General

Hall W, Solowij N, Lemon J. The health and psychological consequences of
cannabis use. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series no 25. Canberra:
Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994.

Hollister LE. Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacol Rev 1986; 38: 1-20.

Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R, eds. The health effects of cannabis.
Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

Programme on Substance Abuse, WHO. Cannabis: a health perspective and
research agenda. Geneva: Division of Mental Health and Prevention of
Substance Abuse, WHO, 1997.

Pharmacology

Adams IB, Martin BR. Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and
humans. Addiction 1996; 91: 1585-614.

Compton DR, Harris LS, Lichtman AH, Martin BR. Marihuana. In: Schuster CR,
Kuher MJ, eds. Pharmacological aspects of drug dependence. Berlin: Springer
Verlag, 1993,

Pertwee RG. Pharmacological, physiological and clinical implications of the
discovery of cannabinoid receptors: an overview. In: Pertwee RG, ed.
Cannabinoid receptors. London: Harcourt Brace, 1995.

Patterns of cannabis use

Bachman JG, Wadsworth KN, O'Malley PM, et al. Smoking, drinking and drug
use in young adulthood: Malwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
1997.

Hall W, Johnston L, Donnelly N. The epidemiology of cannabis use and its
consequences. In: Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R. The health effects
of cannabis. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

Driving

Chesher G. Cannabis and road safety: an outline of research studies to
examine the effects of cannabis on driving skills and actual driving
performance. In: Road Safety Committee, Parliament of Victoria. The effects
of drugs (other than alcohol) on road safety. Melbourne: Road Safety
Committee, Parliament of Victoria, 1995: 67-96.

Robbe HWJ. Influence of marijuana on driving. Maastricht, Institute for
Human Psychopharmacology, University of Limberg, 1994.

Smiley A. Marijuana: on road and driving simulator studies. In: Kalant H,
Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R. The health effects of cannabis. Toronto:
Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

Terhune KW. Problems and methods in studying drug crash effects. Alcohol
Drugs Driving 1986; 2: 1-13.

Immune system

Hollister LE. Marijuana and immunity. J Psychoactive Drugs 1992; 24:
159-64. Klein TW. Cannabis and immunity. In: Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W,
Smart R. The health effects of cannabis. Toronto: Addiction Research
Foundation, 1998.

Respiratory effects

Tashkin D. Effects of cannabis on the respiratory system. In: Kalant H,
Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R. The health effects of cannabis. Toronto:
Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

Taylor FM. Marijuana as a potential respiratory tract carcinogen: a
retrospective analysis of a community hospital population. South Med J
1988; 81: 1213-16.

Wu T, Tashkin DP, Djahed B, Rose JE. Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana
as compared with tobacco. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 347-51.

Reproductive effects

Fried PA. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana: effects during
pregnancy, infancy and early childhood. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993; 36:
319-36.

Fried PA. The Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study (OPPS): methodological
issues and findings-its easy to throw the baby out with the bath water.
Life Sci 1995; 56: 2159-68.

Richardson GA, Day NL, McGauhey PH. The impact of prenatal marijuana and
cocaine use on the infant and child. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993; 36: 302-18.
Adolescent use

Chen K, Kandel DB. The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the
mid-thirties in a general population sample. Am J Public Health 1995; 85:
41-47.

Hall W, Johnston L, Donnelly N. The epidemiology of cannabis use and its
consequences. In: Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R. The health effects
of cannabis. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

Kandel DB. Issues of sequencing of adolescent drug use and other problem
behaviors. Drugs Soc 1988; 3: 55-76.

Osgood DW, Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG. The generality of deviance
in late adolescence and early adulthood. Am Social Rev 1988; 53: 81-93.

Dependence

Channabasavanna S, Paes M, Hall W. Psychiatric and behavioural effects of
cannabis. In: Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R. The health effects of
cannabis. Toronto: Addiction Reseach Foundation, 1998.

Jones RT, Benowitz N, Herning RI. The clinical relevance of cannabis
tolerance and dependence. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 143S-152S.

Stephens RS, Roffman RA. Adult marijuana dependence. In: Baer JS, Marlatt
GA, MacMahon RJ, eds. Addictive behaviors across the lifespan: prevention,
treatment and policy issues. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications,
1993.

Cognitive effects

Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Yurgelun-Todd D. The residual neuropsychological
effects of cannabis: the current status of research. Drug Alcohol Depend
1995; 38: 25-34.

Solowij N. Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1998.

Psychosis

Allebeck P. Cannabis and schizophrenia: is there a causal association? In:
Nahas GG, Latour C, eds. Physiopathology of illicit drugs: cannabis,
cocaine, opiates. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.

Channabasavanna S, Paes M, Hall W. Psychiatric and behavioural effects of
cannabis. In: Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W, Smart R. The health effects of
cannabis. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1998.

Thomas H. Psychiatric symptoms in cannabis users. Br J Psychiatry 1993;
163: 141-49.

Tien AY, Anthony JC. Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as
risk factors for psychotic experiences. J Nerv Mental Disorder 1990; 178:
473-80.

Thornicroft G. Cannabis and psychosis: is there epidemiological evidence
for an association? Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 25-33.

Therapeutic effects

British Medical Association. Therapeutic uses of cannabis. Amsterdam:
Harwood Academic, 1997.

Hartel C. Therapeutic uses of cannabis. In: Kalant H, Corrigal W, Hall W,
Smart R. The health effects of cannabis. Toronto: Addiction Research
Foundaton, 1998.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Report on the possible medical uses of
marijuana. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 1997.

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